DSM-IV: Stuttering

abulia accent acceptance approach accessory behaviors acoustics acquired stuttering ADA adaptation effect adjacency effect advertising affective reactions airflow management Americans with Disabilities Act anticipatory behaviors anticipatory emotions anxiety aphasia approach-avoidance conflict approximation apraxia articulation aspirate auditory feedback avoidance behaviors avoidance reduction basal fluency level behavior modification between-word disfluencies bibliotherapy biofeedback blending block bounce breakdown hypothesis CAFET cancellation carryover cerebral dominance theory chronic perseverative stuttering syndrome circumlocution classical conditioning client-centered counseling clinical psychology clinician, speech-language clonic block clonic blocking clonus closure clustering cluttering coarticulation coarticulatory transition communicative pressure communicative stress Computer-Assisted Fluency Establishment and Transfer® conditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioning congenital consistency effect consonant constitutional origin contingency continuity continuous phonation continuous reinforcement control group controlled stuttering core behaviors core features corrective feedback counseling, directive counter conditioning covert features creative dramatics cybernetics cyclical variation DAF deconditioning delayed auditory feedback delayed speech and language Demands and Capacities Model demand speech desensitization desktop fluency system developmental disfluencies developmental devices for stuttering treatment hesitations diagnosogenic theory differential diagnosis differential evaluation differential relaxation directive counseling disfluency disguise behaviors display speech disrhythmic phonation distraction Dr. Fluency® duration dysfluency dysphonia easy onset echolalia EGG electroglottograph electromyograph EMG empathy episodic variation escape behaviors establishment etiology expectancy neurosis exteriorized stuttering extinction extrovert eye contact FAF faking false fluency false role disorder fear feared sound feared word FEBs feedback FIGs fixation flooding fluency frequency altered feedback fluency disorder fluency enhancing behaviors fluency failure fluency initiating gestures fluency master fluency shaping fluency targets fluent stuttering fragmentation frequency frustration tolerance generalization genetic gentle onset GILCU glottal fry glottal seizure glottis grammatical factor group therapy guilt hard contact high stimulus speech hoarseness hypnosis hysteria hysterical stuttering identification in-block correction incidence incipient stuttering inferiority feelings inhibition instrumental conditioning interiorized stuttering interjections intermittent reinforcement interrupter device introvert involuntary stuttering kinesthesia labial LAF laryngeal auditory feedback larynx laterality theory learned behavior learning disability learning theory light contact ** linguistic stress linguistic variables logopedics loose contact MAF maintenance masking masking auditory feedback mean length of utterance metronome mirror observation practice MLU modifying the stuttering pattern monitoring monotone morpheme negative emotion negative practice negative reinforcement neurogenic-acquired stuttering neurosis neurotic theory neutral stimulus nonavoidance therapy nondirective counseling nonfluency objective attitude obsession obsessive compulsive reactions occlusion onset operant behavior operant conditioning oscillation overt behavior pacemaster pantomime paranoia parent counseling Pavlovian conditioning perception perseveration phobia phonation phoneme pitch pitch break pitch rise placebo effect play therapy plosive pocket fluency system positive emotion positive reinforcement post-block correction postponement behaviors pre-block correction precision fluency shaping predictability preparatory set prevalence progressive relaxation prolongation prolonged speech program propositional speech proprioception proprioceptive monitoring prosody pseudo-stuttering psychoanalysis psychodrama psychodynamic psychogenic psychogenic-acquired stuttering psychology, clinical psychoneurosis psychosis psychotherapy pull-out punishment rapport rate rate control rationalization reciprocal intervention recoil reflection of feeling reflex conditioning regression reinforcement reinforcers relapse release remission repair repetition residual air resonance respiration respondent behavior respondent conditioning revision reward rhythm rhythm method role playing therapy role therapy schwa vowel secondary stuttering secondary symptoms self-concept self-help groups self-monitoring self-role conflict semantics semantic theory of stuttering sensitivity servotherapy shadowing shame shaping SID-4 silent block simultaneous talking and writing situational fears slide soft contact spasm spasmodic dysphonia spastic dysphonia speech defect speech initiation time speech-language pathologist speech-language pathology speech sound spiral effect spontaneous recovery stallers stammering starter stimulus stress stretched syllables struggle behavior stuttering stuttering pattern stuttering treatment devices subjective substitutions successive approximation suppressive control syllable symptom symptomatic therapy syndrome systematic desensitization telegrammic speech telegraphic speech tense pause tension therapy tic time pressure timing devices tonic block tonic blocking transfer transitional stuttering trauma tremor trigger posture unconditioned stimulus vicarious conditioning vocal cords vocal fry vocalized pause voice voiced voice onset time voice termination time voluntary stuttering VOT vowel whisper within-word disfluency