psychopathology: Capgras' syndrome

In this delusional misidentification phenomenon the afflicted individual believes others to be, or experiences others as, imposters who have impersonated or replaced familiar individuals.

Example: An older man, finding his wife sitting in their kitchen, orders her out of his house, accuses her of pretending to be his wife, and demands to be taken to his real wife immediately.

Also: Fregoli phenomenon, Jean Marie Joseph Capgras

Books and Other Media:
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Invasion of the Body Snatchers Kevin McCarthy, Dana Wynter, Larry Gates, King Donovan 1956

The Machinist Christian Bale, Jennifer Jason Leigh, and Aitana Sánchez-Gijón 2003

Synecdoche New York DVD Philip Seymour Hoffman, Samantha Morton, Michelle Williams 2008